The continuous growth of the population has raised considerable concerns about the sustainability and resilience of water resources in Egypt. The reported population in 2025 was 116.3 M with an annual growth rate of 1.6% that is expected to reach 160 M by 2050. Egypt faces an annual water deficit of around seven billion cubic meters.

In light of the Egyptian government’s policy interest in producing clean, usable water with the lowest energy consumption, hollow fiber membranes come to the front that can be easily used in different techniques, such as reverse osmosis and forward osmosis for desalination and wastewater purification.

This research aims to improve the efficiency of the water purification process by developing cheap hollow fiber (HF) membranes that increase the rate of pure water Reflux from the reverse osmosis process and reduce the use of energy resources in the production process. These films are manufactured in simple, environmentally friendly, and inexpensive ways.

This research aims to establish HF-RO unit for brackish water desalination and localizing the knowledge and know-how technology to Egypt that will help solve a part of the water scarcity problem....